In this chapter, we discuss how our expanding space geometry generates basic physical concepts of mass and energy.

First mechanism that can compress and confine the expansion to a local volume is the compression in the spatial wrinkles (electromagnetic field) itself. Electrons (leptons in general) are such kind of strain packages; they are the vortexes of flow of wrinkles in the expanding space.

The geometric deformation in vortex like strain packages have a constant curvature and torsion; therefore, they should not be visualized as buckles or wrinkles, which have a varying curvature and torsion. Instead, they might be visualized as helical springs.

The direction of the stress in spatial wrinkles (electromagnetic field) is towards spatial directions (the original radial direction of the inflationary epoch, which now has an oblique angle with spatial plane in the wrinkling epoch). However, when they form vortex like formations, the direction of the stress is balanced and re-directed towards time dimension, which is perpendicular to spatial plane. Therefore, the compression on the expansion is localized in such stress formations.

Figure 5.8 Squeezed helix

Consequently, such vortexes (like electrons) affect the rate of the increase in the circumference size (rate of Hubble’s constant practically). As a result, strain packages like vortexes can be formed when the magnitude of the strain in spatial wrinkles reaches the ratio of the universal strain on the expansion. Hence, the energy content in such vortexes is directly related to the ratio of the universal strain on the expansion (or the obliquity of strained radial direction).