(Applies to the confinement volume (leptons and hadrons) only, not to photons.)

Finally, permanency of the local confinement of the expansion, or in other words, stability, can be accepted as another property of the strain package (quantum of matter).

Briefly, stability is the intrinsic consistency and the completeness of geometric deformations in a strain package. A stable strain package has balanced and equivalent geometric deformations (curvature and torsion). In a stable strain package, the circulating flow (of the expansion) returns to the previous spatial coordinate. On the other hand, if the confined flow of the expansion does not have a balanced curvature to complete a perfect full circulation, then it means that the expansion cannot be confined locally. Hence, the compression or confinement will be released, and its energy will flow away on the spatial plane. As a result, its energy will transform into another kind of strain formation.

Besides, more complex knots (hadrons) or vortexes (leptons) can be formed synthetically by forcing to repeatedly reapply geometric deformations on itself. Such complex formations can be visualized as a helical path that follows a helical path. We can presume that repeating deformations can be repeated three times for each of the three-dimensions. On the other hand, when the structure of a knot becomes more complex, it consists of more curvature and torsion at a unit Estring length. As we discussed in previous chapters, deformations that are more complex mean more mass (energy content) in a strain package. In such cases, complex knot formations unknot themselves to the simplest knot that matches the ratio of the universal strain on the expansion.

At last, please note that this paper does not accept quarks as independent strain packages. Although quarks may consist of multiple deformations, they seem to be deformation packs occurring in a single spatial direction. Eventually, strain packages (elementary “particles”) are complete packages including all possible geometric deformations in all spatial three-dimensions.

These are some basic formation principles of the confinement volume of the strain packages (elementary “particles”). Of course, these principles should be developed according to Geometric Generalization, and they should be detailed mathematically by expanding knot theory from one-dimensional closed strings to three-dimensional complex formations.