In this chapter, we will examine Geometric Generalization’s philosophical consequences, summarize its conclusions, and expand our hypothesis into its full meaning. Additionally, in this chapter, we will discuss the “Exact Meaning of Relativity and Connecting Gravity with Quantum Mechanics”.

Abstract Principles

Geometric Generalization assumes that the physical reality is based on some a priori abstract principles (e.g. the principles of mathematics, geometry, logic, causality, unity etc.), and it attempts to derive the physical existence as a natural result of these abstract principles. This derivation was discussed in previous chapters.

These abstract principles do not have material bodies that can be directly observed. In fact, these principles can hardly be extracted from experiments, but they can be known through intuition.

Principles of mathematics, geometry, etc. can be proved logically. However, the logical reasoning of the causality and unity is more problematic. Although, causality (as cause and effect) seems to be observed within physical processes, such observations do not prove that causality itself should be the cause of the physical reality. In fact, even the physical relationship between cause and effect cannot be observed at the particle scale (e.g. the process between the emission and the absorption of a photon). The concept of unity goes much beyond that, since parts of the wholeness cannot observe the wholeness as a whole. (Indeed, if these concepts (of causality and unity) are deeply examined, it might be deduced that these concepts include logical arguments within themselves as to why they are a priori concepts.)

Since this paper is about the theory of things, we should not discuss the philosophy of these principles and concepts, and we should not attempt to explain why they were there in the first place. However, we should note that this paper attempts to derive the principles of Nature from these a priori concepts. Therefore, if such a theory of everything is successfully constructed on these a priori concepts, it can be accepted as the most important proof of the reality of these a priori concepts and principles.

According to this paper, these principles are not a subset of physical reality, since this paper constructs its theory on these a priori principles. Instead, we can deduct that these principles should exist before and beyond physical reality, given that we observe and understand the principles of Nature as a whole. A full comprehension of physical reality will undoubtedly lead to the appreciation of the reality of these principles stretching to before and beyond physical reality. 

Eventually, although these principles seem to be purely abstract, we can include them in our layers list, since they are the foundation of the physical existence. Moreover, we can assert that these abstract principles are inseparable from physical reality, and physical reality exists, because there are these a priori principles. 

As a result, since Nature itself is based on logical (causal) principles, those consequent principles that describe the relations (of matter and energy) in Nature are also rational. Practically, in Nature, every effect has a cause, and every cause has an effect that can be formulated mathematically.

Space - Time

Geometric Generalization does not treat space-time as a priori concept as abstract principles above, instead this paper derives space-time from the above abstract principles (of geometry and causality).

The concept of space-time is considered as a separate layer in this paper, because it lies between abstract principles and physically existing things. This paper’s space-time concept is not only an abstract geometrical concept or it is not just an empty space where existing things can be; it is also the basis of the formation of the existing things (matter and energy). It involves the intrinsic property (fundamental expansion of closed space) that generates the dynamism of Nature.

Although space-time is the basis of all physical existence, space-time itself should not be considered as a substance. Additionally, it cannot be directly examined by experiments, but the relations of physical things in space-time can be measured.

Matter and Energy

According to Geometric Generalization, matter and energy are local strain deformations (knot-like, vortex like, wrinkle-like) on space-time, and the existence of a (vertical) deformation is the physical existence.

Logical reasoning was our basic tool to understand the abstract principles above, and even the concept of space-time. In fact, the reasoning of the existence of matter and energy can also be logically derived as a natural consequence of the causality and rationalism of the space-time.

On the other hand, we cannot predict the existence of these things (at a location at a time) by pure reasoning without any empirical input. We practically observe and experiment on matter and energy, and they are the sole objects of our empirical knowledge. In fact, our sensory experience of matter and energy is the primary source of knowledge, guiding us in our reasoning of a priori abstract principles and space-time.

The science of physics seems to be limited with the study of the interactions of matter and energy, which is also a subject of this paper. However, Geometric Generalization also discusses the formation principles of matter and energy. These formation principles have been examined in great depth in the previous chapters. The reasoning of their existence will be separately discussed in the next section. (Section 9.1.2. “Why is there something instead of nothing?”)

Organization and Consciousness

Knots and vortexes can be organized as a very complex chain of knots (knittings), and these organizations may form a new property: consciousness.

Eventually, reasoning of consciousness can be traced all the way back to our a priori abstract principles, and its mechanism at the particle scale can be explained by the interactions of matter and energy. On the other hand, a single knot surely does not have any piece of consciousness; its only feature is that it is suitable to form organized chains (e.g. DNA).

Although consciousness may seem to be a very abstract concept, it is also the most obvious layer of reality. A conscious body can be sure of its own consciousness without any detailed logical reasoning and empirical knowledge as Descartes stated: “I think, therefore I am”.

Consciousness should be accepted as the highest layer of physical reality, since the sum of the parts (knots) gains much higher characteristics. Conscious bodies realize themselves and their surroundings, predict the future, and they manipulate their surroundings in order to ensure their existence (organization). Moreover, consciousness can evolve to a higher state, where the parts (conscious bodies formed of knots) realize the wholeness, and act in order to improve the overall state of awareness in the wholeness…

According to this point of view, consciousness can be accepted as another fundamental force (e.g. electromagnetism), necessary to describe the interactions of matter and energy. In fact, in some cases, it is not possible to describe the actions in Nature and predict the future without considering the will of the consciousness.

Probably, the ultimate question of philosophy is why there is something instead of nothing. On the other hand, the problem here is this biased question itself; since, it misleads and presumes an absolute existence of something.

According to Geometric Generalization, the cause and basis of physical reality (its expanding closed space-time geometry) is formed of the balanced deviations from nothingness state (flatness) towards oppositeness (curvature and expansion, Section 4.3 “The Cause”). This deduction implies that physical reality is based on abstract principles, and not of an absolute material thing.

Moreover, the ratio of the universal strain on the expansion (the rate of Hubble’s expansion) and the matter-energy content of the universe cause each other in such a way that the overall sum of the opposite stresses balance each other mutually (Section 5.2). This balance implies that the sum of all energy and matter content in Nature makes nothingness (zero) too (Section 7.12).

This paper’s approach to quantum mechanics (QED) directs us to another similar conclusion (Section 8.2). Geometric Generalization accepts the energy package itself as the basic constituent of reality, whose deformation (like vertical displacement of buckles, wrinkles, curvature etc.) on the expanding geometry at a location at a time is described by the wave function. In other words, this paper assumes that physical existence is the deformation (curvature or torsion) on expanding space-time geometry. Consequently, the sum of overall deformations (upwards and downwards, clockwise and counterclockwise, etc.) in the wholeness of expanding geometry balance each other and equals zero. This situation means that the sum of all physical existence is also nothingness.

In fact, all quantities that are said to be conserved (like energy, charge, angular momentum, etc.) exist in such a balance that the oppositeness in all extremities cancels each other. Eventually, physical reality is formed of nothingness, and sum of its contents makes nothingness too. Hence, anything that we call something is a phase of nothingness, which is formed by deviating from the nothingness state (zero) towards balanced oppositeness (…-4,-3,-2,-1< 0 >+1,+2,+3,+4…). As a result, things always exist with their opposites, and balance in oppositeness let things deviate from nothingness.

Hence, the ultimate question of philosophy is not: “why is there something instead of nothing?” But, the question might be “why are there abstract principles of causality, geometry, logic etc?” As a result, physical reality and its contents seem to be the consequence of these principles.