“Whole physical reality is a complete and continuous flux.”

To be more specific:

“All physical existence move at the constant speed of light; however, final elements of mass circulate at the constant speed of light in soft confinement volumes” (zitterbewegung).

According to our hypothesis, the entire package of energy itself, which is described by the wave function, is the basic constituent of physical reality, and elementary “particles” with mass are circulating packages of energy, which are confined into local volumes within formations like knots or vortexes.

The circumference of the soft confinement volume equals to its Compton Wavelength, which can be thought of as the fundamental limitation on determining the position of a “point particle”. In other words, our soft confinement volume is the volume, where a “point particle” is said to have a probability to be at a location at a time.

We can develop our hypothesis further:

All physical existence moves at an equal distance in four dimensions (spatial + time) between the same distance towards time dimension, whether it follows a looping (helical) path in the confinement volume or not.

Figure 3.1 Light cone and circulations in confinement volume

- Length of the distance that a photon travels between O to C in space-time, is in orange.

- Length of the helical path of the element of an inert “particle” with mass between O and A is in red.

- Length of the helical path of the element of same type of “particle” (in a motion relatively to the inert one) between O and B is in violet.

All three four-dimensional lengths in Figure 3.1 are equal.

Below are a few explanatory notes on the hypothesis. All of these points will be discussed in following chapters with details.

The expression “final elements of mass” mentioned in the hypothesis does not mean that those elements are “point particles”. Expression particle is used in this paper to indicate basic subatomic elementary bodies (e.g. leptons, hadrons).

The expression “distance towards time dimension” does not represent the amount of “clock-ticks” (seconds, etc.), but it is a geometric distance that is perpendicular to spatial dimensions.

Formation principles of the confinement volume are the basis of the classification of elementary “particles”.

The expression “helical path” does not represent an exact geometrical path, and “circulation” is not an exact motion, but they can be visualized so until further chapters.

This simple and integral idea will guide us in reasoning, comprehending, and formulating the concepts of physical reality.

(According to a quote from Einstein, H. Ziegler seems to be the first person who suggested this hypothesis in 1906. E. Schrödinger proposed zitterbewegung in 1930, as a result of his analysis of the Dirac equation. A list of other contemporary theories with a similar hypothesis can be found in our similar theories page.)