This section describes the balance in Nature between the smallest and the largest scales.

Considering the discussions above, a fixed amount of matter content in the universe cannot change the degree of Hubble’s expansion (Hubble’s constant), since the degree of Hubble’s expansion is a function of the universal strain on the expansion (or the total matter content in the universe). As long as total matter-energy content in the universe does not increase or decrease, Hubble’s expansion stays constant. However, the VARIATION of the amount of the matter content in the universe changes the rate of Hubble’s expansion (which may have mostly happened at the end of the inflationary epoch).

In fact, Hubble’s constant (or total matter content in the universe) may vary because of certain activities in physical reality. Before we discuss these two basic mechanisms, let us overview the “dark energy” mystery.

Please note that the so-called “dark energy” differs from “dark matter”. “Dark energy” is an additional force that is assumed to speed up the expansion of the universe.

Practically, there is no need to search for a hidden “dark energy” in the universe, in order to deduce the rate of Hubble’s expansion by gravitational means. Because, the rate of Hubble’s expansion is a function of the matter content in the universe, and it only varies with the additional formation (or relaxation) of the knots in the universe (which is, of course, against the universal strain or the restraint on the expansion). Hence, Hubble’s constant may vary (Hubble’s expansion may seem to accelerate or decelerate) without the existence of “dark energy”. In fact, it happens because of certain activities.

Actually, the speculation of “dark energy” is a result of disregarding the (closed and expanding) nature of the space-time geometry. Heaping of matter (by gravitational means) affects the rate of Hubble’s expansion, because it increases the matter content in the universe. However, gravity is a secondary effect, and the gravitational attraction itself is not a means to affect the rate of Hubble’s expansion directly, because the expanding space is spherical. Knots on a balloon affect each other through the surface of the balloon, not towards inside the balloon (the past). Hence, gravity gathers knots on the spatial plane, but it does not directly affect the rate of the increase in the size of the circumference. In other words, gravity does not act like a kind of wall tension as in our balloon example. The deceleration in the increase of the circumference’s size (Hubble’s constant) directly depends on the total amount of energy content in the existing knots.