In this chapter, we will overview the formation principles of elementary “particles” (strains). Geometric Generalization should be well digested in order to continue with this supplementary chapter.

In previous chapters, we discussed that geometry of physical reality (space) expands fundamentally, but it was wrinkled (the inflationary epoch to Hubble’s expansion). Quantum of matter and energy are strain packages that have geometric (vertical) deformations, and they signify the local compression (energy) or confinement (matter) on the expanding space. According to Geometric Generalization, these deformations (curvature and torsion) keep on flowing constantly (with speed of light) within the expansion whether the expansion is locally confined or compressed. Mathematically, the wave function defines the magnitude (vertical displacement) of the deformation of a strain package at a location at a time.

First, let us summarize the basic classification of elementary “particles” (strains). Later on, we will discuss the formation principles of elementary “particles”; eventually, elementary “particles” (e.g. mass, charge, spin) can be analyzed according to these principles.

This paper concludes that matter is a chain of geometric deformations (knots) on continuous space-time geometry (like knittings), instead of a heap of “point particles” whose locations are uncertain. As we discussed in previous chapters, the concept of “particles” (and probability “waves”) are incoherent and illogical to be real and philosophically inexplicable. However, considering the popular jargon, the inadequate expression “particle” has been chosen (instead of strains) in this paper.