In this chapter, we will discuss how our expanding space geometry generates basic physical concepts of mass and energy.

First, let us discuss an analogy as an easy introduction. The universe can be visualized as a tree, which grows like our expanding closed space.

The overall size of that tree may increase like Hubble’s expansion. On the other hand, growth in the overall size of the tree is not supposed to reflect the tree’s original growth rate directly. Growth rate in the overall size of the tree would not always give the true growth rate of that tree.

Figure 5.1 The twisty branch of a Lilac tree [enlarge]

Branches of that tree could be growing in curled and jammed helical paths or cross through each other inside the volume of the tree, instead of growing directly outwards in a radial direction. Therefore, the true growth rate of that tree is the growth rate of its branches, and as a result, the growth in the global size of the tree is dependent on the jammed structure of helical paths of branches.

Simply, quantum of matter could be visualized as growing branches of the tree on a helical path.

Now, let us present the exact explanation of what this tree and the jamming of its branches symbolize in reality.