(Applies to the confinement volume (leptons and hadrons) only, not to photons.)

Flowing geometric deformations (curvature and torsion) of spatial wrinkles (photons) have similarities with waves that involve a combination of both longitudinal and transverse motions (water waves or Rayleigh surface waves). The oscillating behavior lets geometric deformations flow freely within the expansion, instead of localizing and confining the deformation in the expanding space. Additionally, oscillating deformations do not let the deformation package have a constant hyperdirection (bulge out or dent in perpendicularly to spatial three dimensions).

On the other hand, the structure of the deformation (curvature and torsion) of the knots and the vortexes causes them to have a constant hyperdirection of deformation. The knots and the vortexes bulge out or dent in perpendicularly to space, because their deformation (curvature and torsion) does not oscillate.

Since the inside or outside condition adds an additional dimension to the spatial three-dimensions, the area with such deformations differentiate from the rest of the three-dimensional space. Hence, the knots and the vortexes come into conflict and become incompatible with space. The area with such deformations becomes knotted and is excluded from the share in global space. If the inside or outside value is added by a strain package then it becomes exclusive (Pauli exclusion principle). As a result, exclusive strain packages that have the same spin (hyperdirection of deformation) cannot be in the same location at same time.

This principle can be visualized by examining the difference between water waves and whirlpools. While water waves diffuse and interfere with each other, whirlpools have constant locations, and the two of them cannot be at the same location at the same time.

Considering this property (exclusion principle), strain packages (quantum of matter and energy) can be classified as fermions and bosons.

Fermions have anti-symmetric deformations on space (which bulge out), and they add an additional (inside or outside) dimension to spatial three-dimensions as if they are either on the inside or the outside of the spatial plane; they have antisymmetric wave functions.

Bosons have symmetric deformations on space. Thus, they do not add any additional parameter to spatial three-dimensions; they have symmetric wave functions.