(Applies to the confinement volume (leptons and hadrons) only, not to photons.)

As we discussed in previous chapters, there is a mutual relation between the possible energy magnitude of a confinement and the ratio of the universal strain on the expansion. Matter (protons) strains fundamental expansion like tension springs, and the stress in the knot or the vortex is related with the universal strain on the expansion. As a result, size of the confinement volume is mutually related with the ratio of the universal strain on the expansion (or the total amount of matter content in the universe).

However, the size of the confinement volume changes (tightens) depending on that confinement volume’s state of motion (relative mass increase) as a function of the gamma of Lorentz Transformation Equations (Section 6.6).

As a result, every electron (or proton), which is relatively inert to the other, has the same constant intrinsic energy (mass).