This section is the hardest in this paper to comprehend; it seems that no simple example can be given to help visualize this subject. Nevertheless, the full meaning of the consequences of the expansion (the flux) lies in this section. Please note that the reader who insists on imagining static space-time geometry makes it impossible to comprehend the solution suggested here.

Both matter and energy, in other words our strain packages are not geometric deformations that appear on a static space-time. In fact, we have discussed the impossibility of static deformation before.

In our geometry, space fundamentally expands. This expanding space might wrinkle and collapse onto itself, and the expansion may be strained up to Hubble’s expansion from the inflationary epoch, but the expansion continues intrinsically and constantly. Additionally, the expansion continues in strain packages (in confined volumes or compressed areas) with the speed of light, and this paper is based on this hypothesis.

In other words, strain packages are not positioned in stationary locations in space-time, since space itself is not static. The whole space expands intrinsically and completely towards perpendicular time dimension, and strain packages on space-time geometry flow within the expansion.

We have abandoned the concept of elementary “particles” whose locations are uncertain. Instead, we suggested strain packages (as quantum of matter and energy), whose (vertical) deformation is described by the wave function. Interestingly, in certain cases, it is also not possible to determine the exact location of the strain (energy) package itself too.

However, we do not suggest that strain packages have a probability to be in various locations at a time. Assuming so indicates that space is treated as static. In fact, the location, which the strain package was in, expands equivalently and isotropically with the expansion.

This conclusion is very important; besides, it is delicate and can be misunderstood easily. There is surely a compression in a strain package, but it does not mean that this compression cancels the expansion in that package; consequently, a deformation occurs. However, the expansion is a complete process of space geometry, whether it is compressed locally or not; therefore, the space that the package is in also expands continuously.

On the other hand, the strain package cannot prefer a specific direction in the expanding space, because this expansion is equal in all spatial directions (isotropic). Extended locations in the expanding space are equivalent, although they constantly move apart. As a result in the wrinkling epoch of the expanding space (Section 5.2), deformations of strain packages flow equally in all directions.

In fact, this flow depends on the type of the deformation of the strain package. If a strain package has a deformation with constant curvature (quantum of matter), this flow becomes localized naturally. Conversely, if the curvature of deformation oscillates, then the strain expands in all spatial directions (light cone).

Strictly speaking, radial (time) directions have collapsed with the universal strain on the expansion. Hence, in wrinkling epoch, radial directions have an oblique angle with the circumference (spatial plane), instead of being perfectly perpendicular (Section 5.4). Interestingly, the intersection point of oblique radial (time) directions and circumferential (spatial) dimension constantly move and expand, with the expansion in space-time geometry. This is the exact reason that strain packages of energy (photons) do not have an exact spatial location is space-time.

Figure 8.4 In the wrinkling epoch, original radial directions are oblique, and its intersection point with space moves and expands constantly

Additionally, it is also very important that the intersection point itself expand because of the expansion in the wrinkling epoch. This expansion is practically the light cone, and the location of the emitted photon expands in a form of a sphere. As a result, a single strain in the expanding space-time geometry seems as if strain itself diffuses and spreads like a wave.

This omnidirectional flow continues until the energy in that strain is transferred to another strain. In such a case, the wave function collapses, because there remains no energy and no stress in the expanding space-time geometry.

The critical point here is that stress on the expansion (strain deformation on space) is not located on a single point on space. Standard (probability) interpretation of quantum mechanics treats energy content of the quanta as if it is a property of a point-like particle. However, according to this paper, energy content of quanta (strain) is not a local property, but it is the property of the complete strain on space, which is described by the wave function. As a result, the thing that is said to collapse in reality is not the probability distribution of a point-particle, but it is the entire strain formation, which lies on space.

According to this point of view, our strain packages do not resemble waves as well, because the whole strain instantly (the wave function) collapses.

However, a tiny set of closed interacting strain packages, may keep on interacting (superposed) until this state is collapsed by an external energy transfer (e.g. electrons around nucleus).

There is an improper interpretation of the wave function collapse, which assumes the existence of the observer may affect the state of reality (observation) without interfering it. However, observation is based on transferring a strain package to the observer, and that strain package surely interacts with the strain package whose wave function is said to collapse.