Now, we will summarize the basic classification of strain packages according to the mechanisms that form them. In fact, we have discussed these mechanisms in Chapter 7 on “Fundamental Forces and Gravity”. Later on, in the following sections, we will examine the basic properties of strain packages (like charge, spin, etc.) and formations principles that cause them.

The continuous space geometry that expands fundamentally can lock itself into local volumes in certain conditions. These kinds of strains have a knot-like structure, where the expansion (the flux) is constricted and tied down locally by the compression of the intrinsic tendency to expand in itself. This kind of compression is the strong force (Section 7.5).

Strain packages like knots consist multiple and opposite geometric deformations (curvature and torsion; will be discussed in the following sections) in each spatial dimension. Protons are the basic example of such knots (hadrons).

Knots are sub-classified according to other properties of their geometric deformations, which we will discuss in the following sections, and this sub-classification can be formulated mathematically in the view of three-dimensional space knots.

This paper is considering the common usage of the term when it refers to hadron family as knots. However, please note that our knots do not satisfy the mathematical definition of knots. They are not completely closed, but open-ended. Hence, they can be called braids.

Bosons are the strain packages that flow freely within the expansion. They are the spatial wrinkles of compression on the expanding space. They emerge from knot formations (hadrons) with charge.

The very distinctive property of bosonic strain packages is that their deformations (curvature and torsion) are balanced (or oscillate) on the spatial plane towards hyperdirections (in or out of spatial plane). Such strain packages can interfere and occupy the same spatial coordinates like ordinary waves (exclusion principle will be detailed in following sections).

Photons are the basic example of such strain packages, and they have oscillating curvature and torsion. Photons transfer the strain (energy) between charged knots and vortexes (electromagnetic interaction).

There are also bosonic hadrons: Mesons are the knots that have the same deformation in opposite directions (conversely, a meson is not stable and unknots itself immediately).

Leptons are strain packages that have a helical-like structure, and they have a constant deformation (curvature and torsion). They are the vortexes of the flow of the wrinkles in the expanding space. They are formed of circulating spatial wrinkles, whose stress (tendency to expand) is towards time dimension, and is perpendicular to spatial plane (space). As a result, they emerge when the compression ratio in spatial wrinkles equalizes the ratio of the universal strain on the expansion.

Electrons are the basic examples of strain packages: a confined and circulating flow of spatial wrinkles.

Eventually, the order behind the classification of strain packages (elementary “particles”) is a result of basic principles. Hence, they have properties depending on these principles. Let us overview these principles in the following sections: