This section describes the balance in Nature between the smallest and the largest scales.

Hubble’s constant (or total matter-energy content in the universe) may vary because of certain activities in physical reality. There are two basic mechanisms, affecting the amount of total matter content in the universe.

The first one is the gravity. According to our previous discussions, when matter heaps and gathers, the sum will have more mass-energy content than its parts. In other words, when the knots are gathered together, they compress each other, and create an additional stress on the expansion. Hence, the gathering of matter by gravitational attraction increases the amount of total energy of the matter content in the universe, and it decreases the rate Hubble’s expansion.

On the other hand, electromagnetic radiation means that the intrinsic energy in the knots (matter) is released and the knot formations transform into more relaxed forms (e.g. hydrogen to helium). Conversely, this situation relaxes the universal strain on the expansion. Therefore, it increases the rate of Hubble’s expansion (accelerating Hubble’s expansion).

Of course, the effects of an individual instance of both mechanisms are unobservable on a practical level.

Naturally, the two mechanisms do not violate the law of the conservation of energy. As a result, the total energy content in the universe is equal to zero by balancing the opposites.

Consequently, the rate of Hubble’s expansion, or the increase in the circumference of the universe, or the ratio of the universal strain on the expansion may decrease or increase according to the balance between proceeding electromagnetic radiation and gravitational activities. We will continue this discussion in Chapter 12 on “Self-Organization, Consciousness, and Future of the Universe”.